The record
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- Former Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan (Retd) warned at a memorial lecture in New Delhi that India's security threats now go beyond conventional warfare to include cognitive warfare, cyber operations, information campaigns and space-based capabilities.
- He flagged 'cognitive colonialism' — efforts to shape how societies think and whom they trust — as a key challenge, alongside Pakistan's nuclearised cross-border terrorism and the unresolved boundary dispute with China.
- He noted Operation Sindoor showed how future conflicts could span multiple domains and raised questions about whether India should prepare for short, intense wars or prolonged contests requiring national resilience.
- He argued India's response must build capabilities in both traditional and emerging areas, with strong institutions and an engaged citizenry.
What to watch next
- How India balances defence investment between traditional domains (land, sea, air) and newer areas like cyber, space and information warfare
- Developments in the India-China boundary dispute, where there is no mutually agreed definition of the Line of Actual Control
- How India's strategy evolves against Pakistan's nuclear-backed 'stability paradox' of deterrence alongside lower-level conflict
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Named India · China · Pakistan · Prime Ministers' Museum and Library · Anil Chauhan
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